How Universal Executor Account (UEA) Works
The Universal Executor Account (UEA) is one of the key innovations behind Push Chain’s Universal Execution Layer. A system that lets any user, from any origin chain, execute transactions natively on Push Chain.
In this deep dive, we’ll explore:
- 🧠 What a UEA is
- ⚙️ How transactions execute under the hood
- 🔗 How it links identity across chains
- 🧩 How it differs from EOAs and Smart Accounts
What Is a Universal Executor Account (UEA)?
A Universal Executor Account (UEA) is an interoperable execution identity that lives on Push Chain but can be controlled from any origin chain (such as Ethereum, Solana, Base, Polygon, etc.).
It acts as your on-chain agent on Push Chain:
- It holds balances and maintains on-chain state.
- It executes transactions, including batched multicalls.
- It validates cross-chain signatures from other networks.
- It ensures your source-chain wallet remains in control.
- It supports universal fee abstraction, meaning you don’t need $PC to transact.
Think of the UEA as your universal smart account that can be signed from anywhere.
The UEA Architecture
At a system level, every UEA transaction flows through Routing → Verification → Execution.
| Component | Role | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Universal Gateway | Routing | Handles inbound and outbound routing between origin chains and Push Chain. Locks user fees and relays payloads. |
| Universal Validators | Verification / Security | Form consensus on the validity of cross-chain transactions before relaying to Push Chain. |
| Universal Verification Layer (UVL) | Signature Verification | Verifies signatures from multiple chain types (EVM, Solana, etc.) via pluggable verifiers. |
| Universal Executor Account (UEA) | Execution | Executes encoded transactions and manages account state on Push Chain. |
How It Works
When a user signs and submits a transaction from another chain, Push Chain routes and executes it through five stages:
1. Routing (Universal Gateway)
The Universal Gateway locks the required fee on the origin chain and emits the transaction payload to Push Chain.
2. Transaction Verification (Universal Validators)
Universal Validators form consensus on the validity of the transaction. Once verified, the payload is relayed to the user’s corresponding UEA (deterministically derived from their origin wallet).
3. Payload Reception (UEA)
The UEA receives the payload and signature bundle from the validators, which it passes to the Universal Verification Layer for validation.
4. Signature Verification (UVL)
The UVL verifies the origin signature according to that chain’s ruleset — for example, using ECDSA for EVM chains or Ed25519 for Solana.
5. Execution (UEA)
Upon successful verification, the UEA executes the payload on Push Chain — performing single or multiple contract calls atomically.
This design guarantees that every cross-chain transaction is validated, deterministic, and secure before execution.
Transaction Routing Optimizations
Not all cross-chain transactions require full routing through the Universal Gateway. The SDK dynamically detects whether the user’s UEA already holds sufficient fees for execution.
If fees exist on the UEA:
- The transaction bypasses both the Gateway and Validators.
- It’s sent directly to the UEA for immediate execution.
- This removes source-chain confirmation latency, giving users a near-instant experience after their first funded transaction.
Subsequent transactions feel instant because the UEA can self-fund execution once fees are already available.
Fast Mode vs Standard Mode
| Mode | When It Activates | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Fast Mode | When native asset value ≤ $10 | Relays the transaction to the UEA after a single confirmation on the source chain. Ideal for UX-critical low-value operations. |
| Standard Mode | Default | Waits for multiple block confirmations (based on re-org probability) before relaying to Push Chain for execution. |
How is the Identity Preserved and Linked?
Each UEA is deterministically linked to the user’s origin wallet address.
This linkage is achieved by using the origin wallet as the seed for UEA address generation.
Whenever a new user performs their first transaction, a UEA is automatically deployed (always gasless) and a mapping is created between:
- The origin wallet address, and
- The derived UEA address on Push Chain.
This mapping is stored on the UEAFactory contract and can be queried either on-chain or through the SDK. This ensures every user’s identity remains consistent across chains, and their UEA always maps back to the same origin wallet.
This deterministic linkage also enables advanced cross-chain use cases such as —
- Tracking activity per chain or per identity,
- Linking multi-chain accounts for the same user, and
- Enabling “chain-vs-chain” gameplay or logic.
Examples —
- 🕹 Ballsy App — demonstrates chain-based PvP logic through deterministic UEAs.
- 🔁 Universal Counter Tutorial — showcases UEA persistence across origin chains.
Comparison — EOAs vs Smart Accounts vs UEAs
| Feature | EOA | Smart Account | Universal Executor Account (UEA) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scope | Single chain | Single chain | Multi-chain (universal) |
| Control | Private key | Smart contract logic | Origin-chain wallet signature |
| Execution | Local to chain | Local to chain | Routed through Gateway + Validators |
| Atomic Multicall | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Fee Token | Native gas token | Configurable | Any token / sponsored / external |
| Bridging Required | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
| Identity Persistence | Chain-specific | Chain-specific | Deterministically mapped across chains |
| Verification | ECDSA only | Custom or EIP-1271 | Cross-chain via UVL (EVM, Solana, etc.) |
In short: UEAs extend smart account logic beyond a single ecosystem,
combining programmable control with cross-chain identity and atomic execution.
Why the UEA Matters
The UEA fundamentally redefines what a blockchain account can be:
- A single execution identity across chains.
- Backed by universal verification instead of chain-specific keys.
- Capable of multi-call atomic execution.
- Compatible with fee abstraction and sponsorship models.
Together, these properties make Push Chain the first blockchain where external users can act natively. Not through bridges or wrapped assets, but through their own universal accounts.